Knowledge Portal: Managing Business Finances and more


CHRIS BARNARD   February 9, 2023

The ownership of crypto assets has been steadily climbing in the UK over the last few years, with recent figures showing at least 6.2% of the adult population holds some form of cryptocurrency, equating to around 4.2 million individual traders when relevant data was last published back in 2021. 

The main draw for many investors interested in diversifying their portfolios through crypto trading remains the platform’s decentralised nature, providing asset holders with a sense of safety and security by insulating investments from mainstream economic instability and providing unmatched data reliability. 


Though this has always been the foundation holding up the cryptocurrency market, as more individuals adopt into the framework, more attention from regulatory bodies will follow. This is where the crypto sphere finds itself in 2023, with increasing levels of governmental legislation impacting how assets are to be monitored and managed. Arguably the most important of which for UK-based traders being the recently announced cuts to capital gains allowances, but what does this mean for crypto? 


Understanding crypto assets 


Before focusing on how recent legislation is likely to impact crypto trading, it’s important to define exactly what regulatory bodies mean when they begin to discuss crypto assets. Though the history of crypto currency dates all the way back to 2009, the technology and infrastructure guiding the industry has grown and developed to such an extent that some modern tokens and assets are essentially novel concepts. 


The most commonly discussed types of crypto asset amongst the public are payment currencies like Bitcoin (BTC) and Litecoin (LTC), but there are at least six other distinct digital asset types that function in a discernibly different manner, and as a result are often treated as unique technologies. 


  • Payment currencies - As the name suggests, these digital assets are used as an alternative form of payment to traditional fiat currencies. Utilising blockchain technology, tokens are encrypted, regulated and able to verify the transfer of funds between parties 
  • Blockchain economies - Blockchain economies add an additional layer of functionality to digital assets by not only acting as a usable currency, but also allowing for the creation of decentralised tokens and apps built directly from the relevant platform 
  • Privacy coins - Privacy coins are developed and designed to keep all transactional data completely secret, this is achieved by utilising additional layers of encryption to completely mask the identify, wallet address and balance of users whilst also hiding the monetary value of funds sent and received to anyone other than the sender and recipient 
  • Utility tokens - Utility tokens are notably distinct from most other forms of crypto asset as their main purpose is to improve certain aspects of the blockchain economy. Typically, these tokens are not utilised for investment, and can be defined as such using the Howey test 
  • Stable coins - Stable coins were developed to bridge the gap between traditional regulated currency and decentralised crypto assets, their value is intrinsically linked to existing asset classes to avoid some of the volatility experienced in the crypto market 
  • Security tokens - Security tokens are used to represent an investor’s stake in a blockchain project, and as such are treated in a similar fashion to traditional stocks. Investment here comes with a reasonable expectation of future profit 
  • Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) - NFTs are a unique form of digital asset in that their value is determined mainly by their perceived rarity to the community. NFTs are not commonly used as currency and are instead minted and purchased using crypto or traditional monetary funds 


How crypto asset types affect taxes 


For holders of crypto assets, it’s important to understand exactly how each asset type functions as in some cases this can change the way that governmental body's handle expected taxes relating to investments. For example, payment currencies like Bitcoin (BTC) and Litecoin (LTC) have long been viewed by the UK government as similar to traditional shares, and so accrue similar expected taxes. 


Conversely, crypto assets not primarily utilised for investment such as utility tokens have seen a more complicated taxation history, as regulatory bodies attempt to determine exactly how to treat any taxable profits gained from the trading and purchasing of assets in line with existing investment vehicles. 


The most recent change in the legal recognition of crypto asset types has been the UK government’s announcement that stable coins will be treated as a recognised form-of-payment in the near future, primarily due to a reduced chance of volatility by way of their value being linked to existing currency. 


How capital gains tax affects crypto assets 


In the UK, there are two main ways that crypto assets are taxed, those being as part of the holder’s income tax rate and their capital gains tax rate. Income tax rates affect crypto profits viewed by the government as additional income, commonly as a result of mining assets and/or staking rewards. 


Capital tax rates, on the other hand, are determined by the amount of profit gained when selling, swapping, spending or gifting crypto to anybody other than the holder’s legally recognised spouse. Capital gains tax rates in 2022/23 have been set at either 10% for individuals with an annual income below £50,270, or 20% for those bringing in an annual income greater than the £50,270 threshold. 


This percentage tax rate is only applied to profits gained over a predetermined annual tax allowance, referred to as the annual exempt amount. In previous years, this allowance has been set at a fairly high value of £12,300 per person, though in 2022 it was announced that the figure would be reduced to £6,000 in April 2023 before being further stripped back to £3,000 during the following tax year. 


This is where the changes to the UK’s capital gains allowance is set to have the biggest impact on crypto. With the volatile nature of the current market, investors holding onto assets in the hope that future corrections will offset their losses may be faced with much higher tax bills than they had planned for, potentially causing more measurable unrest as traders weigh up the value of selling their assets at a loss. 


As is true for traditional investments such as shares and stocks, crypto losses can typically be offset against gains in the same, or in some cases future tax years. To achieve this, asset holders must realise their losses by transferring (or disposing of) tokens to an unconnected party via a market exchange. 


The problem here is that in order to avoid the drastic cuts to capital gains allowances, asset holders may feel they’re required to perform these transfers before the January tax deadline of each affected year, increasing the potential for measurable market impacts as assets are bought and sold in large amounts. 


It will also bring more people within the scope of completing a UK self assessment, before 6 April 2023, you only had to declare your Crypto disposals profits were greater than £12,300 or sale proceeds from disposal where more than £49,200. From 6 April 2023 profits now need to be reported if greater than £6,000 or sales proceeds are more than £18,000.


Reducing the impact of capital gains allowance cuts 


On the face of things, these drastic cuts to the annual exempt amount for UK crypto asset holders have the potential to cause a great deal of worry, though traders are presented with ample time to prepare themselves and position their investments in such a way that the impact of coming cuts may be mitigated. 


Losses reported to HMRC at the end of the tax year can be used to reduce total taxable gains, with any remaining losses carried forwards toward the next tax year to be filed as allowable losses. 


Additionally, losses may be controlled by ‘bed and breakfasting’ tokens. Using this rule holders can exchange tokens for a more stable asset and, provided that they buy back the token within 30 days, use the basis of any logged trades within this time frame as the grounds for calculating their gains and losses. 


A further method for mitigating the impact of capital gains allowance cuts can be found by banking potential losses with select tax authorities in order to offset against future gains. In this procedure, crypto assets that would cost more to dispose of than they’re currently worth will be logged by HMRC as a ‘negligible value claim’ and as a result all associated losses are able to be carried forward indefinitely. 


This process has been devised by HMRC in an effort to stabilise the cryptocurrency market and reduce worries amongst investors, with the tax authority currently working alongside crypto exchanges to share customer information and use this data to remind investors of their legal responsibilities and liabilities. 


Will lost or stolen crypto assets be affected? 


Lost or stolen private keys are far from unheard of in the crypto sphere, but if HMRC is aware of the digital assets stored within active but inaccessible wallets, they may still consider the owner to be legally responsible for existing funds, and in turn the monetary value that remaining assets have accrued. 


This means that if the crypto assets stored within affected wallets are stolen or transferred, tax authorities will not be expected to treat associated transactions as legally defined disposals, and so the owner will be unable to file relevant losses against any of their future gains. 


If holders of inaccessible wallets wish to address this issue before upcoming capital gains allowances are reduced, they will be required to prove that the affected assets are eligible to be classed as a negligible value claim on the grounds that the funds they’re currently holding have become essentially worthless. 


To do this, wallet owners will need to demonstrate to HMRC that there is no realistic prospect of recovering affected crypto assets by filing a claim. If this is accepted by the tax authority, assets will be treated as though they’ve been disposed of and re-acquired for no value, allowing holders to claim tax relief for a capital loss. 


Summary 


Upcoming capital gains allowance cuts are by no means welcomed with open arms by much of the crypto currency community, though provided that asset holders are well educated regarding the particular type of crypto assets in their possession, there is time to reduce potential negative impacts. 

Filing potential losses with HMRC before the end of each affected tax year will allow crypto asset holders to log current values and carry them forward into upcoming tax years, and in some cases classify losses as negligible value claims to provide some degree of relief amongst a volatile market. 


Check if you need to complete a UK tax return, as with a reduced capital gain annual exception it will mean more people will need to complete one for the first time.


Additional methods of loss control such as ‘bed and breakfasting’ assets may prove helpful to investors holding crypto currencies and stable coins, whilst holders of inaccessible wallets may wish to file their investments as unrecoverable to utilise losses against expected gains, regardless of which method is chosen it’s wise to make plans sooner rather than later to minimise the impact of capital gains allowance cuts.


FAQs on Capital Gains Allowance and Crypto


What is the Capital Gains Tax (CGT) allowance?


The CGT allowance is the tax-free amount individuals can earn from selling assets like crypto, shares, or property before paying Capital Gains Tax. For the 2024/25 tax year, the allowance is £3,000, significantly reduced from previous years.


How do the cuts to the allowance affect crypto investors?


The lower allowance means more crypto investors will now fall within HMRC’s reporting threshold. Even modest profits from selling or exchanging tokens may create a tax liability, making accurate record-keeping more important than ever.


When do I need to pay Capital Gains Tax on crypto?


You’ll need to pay CGT whenever you
sell crypto for cash, swap one token for another, or use crypto to purchase goods or services. The tax applies to the profit made between the purchase price and the disposal value.


Can I offset losses against my gains?


Yes, if you’ve sold crypto at a loss, you can report it to HMRC and use it to
offset future gains, reducing your overall tax liability. Losses can be carried forward indefinitely once registered with HMRC.


Do I need to report small crypto transactions?


Yes, if your total disposals for the year exceed
£50,000, even if you made a loss. HMRC may still require reporting to verify your calculations, so maintaining detailed transaction records is essential.


Can Collective Concepts Accounting help me manage my crypto tax?


Yes, we can calculate your gains, track your allowances, and ensure your crypto activity is reported correctly under HMRC’s updated CGT rules - helping you stay compliant and avoid unnecessary penalties.

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By Chris Barnard February 24, 2026
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By Chris Barnard February 20, 2026
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How to read your accounts like a Financial Advisor
By Chris Barnard February 16, 2026
Most company directors are handed a set of accounts once a year, skim a few numbers, nod politely and move on. They might check if there is a profit, look at the tax number, and hope the bank balance seems okay. After that, the accounts are filed away until next year. The truth is that many directors do not really understand their accounts. It is not because they cannot, but because no one has shown them how to read the numbers in a way that helps them run their business. Financial advisers read accounts differently. They do not just check for compliance. They look for signals, patterns, warnings, and opportunities. Once you know what to look for, your accounts feel less intimidating and much more useful. Why accounts feel confusing in the first place For most directors, accounts are given as a finished product, not as a tool to use. They are full of technical terms, old numbers, and formatting that seems made for accountants, not business owners. 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Start with profit, but don’t stop there Most directors look straight at the bottom line. Profit is important, but by itself, it does not tell you much. A good profit can hide cashflow issues, overworked directors, or prices that cannot last. On the other hand, a small profit might be fine if the business is reinvesting or growing on purpose. Look at profit in context. Compare it to past years and to your turnover. Ask if it matches the effort you have put in. Financial advisers always check if profit is working well for the people running the business. Understand the difference between profit and cash A big source of confusion is the gap between profit and cash. You can show a profit on paper but still struggle in real life. Accounts are made using the accruals method. This means income and expenses are recorded when they happen, not when the money is received or paid. If customers pay late or you spend a lot upfront, your cash can fall behind your profit. Advisers watch debtors, creditors, and bank balances as well as profit. They know cash is what keeps the business running every day, no matter what the main numbers show. Read the balance sheet, not just the profit and loss Many directors skip the balance sheet. This is a mistake. The balance sheet shows your business’s financial position at a certain time. It tells you what the business owns, what it owes, and what is left. Here you can see retained profits, director loans, and long-term debts. A financial adviser checks if the business is getting stronger or weaker over time. Growing reserves, manageable debts, and a healthy director loan are signs of stability. If you ignore this page, you miss some of the most important information in your accounts. Look for trends, not isolated numbers One year’s numbers rarely tell the whole story. Advisers always look for trends. Is your turnover growing but profit shrinking? That could mean pricing pressure or higher costs. Are overheads rising faster than revenue? That might show inefficiency or growing pains. Is your tax bill going up faster than expected? That could mean you need better planning. When you compare your accounts year after year, patterns appear. These patterns are much more useful than any single number on its own. Pay attention to director pay and rewards Many directors focus on what stays in the business and forget to think about what the business gives back to them personally. Advisers look at salaries, dividends, and benefits. They ask if the director is being paid fairly and in a tax-efficient way. They also check if retained profits have a purpose or are just building up with no plan. Your accounts should help your life, not just your business. If they do not, it is time to make a change. Use your accounts to inform decisions, not justify them A common mistake is using accounts to explain decisions after they are made. Financial advisers do the opposite. They use the numbers to guide choices before making a decision. Can the business afford to hire? What sales level justifies a new cost? How much can you safely take out without causing problems? When you review and understand your accounts regularly, they become a tool for making decisions, not just a record of the past. You don’t need to be an expert to be informed Understanding your accounts does not mean learning all the accounting rules. The trick is knowing what questions to ask and what the key numbers mean for you. Most directors are more capable than they think. They just have not had the numbers explained in plain language that connects to their real priorities. Once you bridge that gap, your confidence grows quickly. Reading your accounts like an adviser changes everything When directors really understand their accounts, conversations change. Planning becomes proactive, not reactive. Tax feels manageable, not scary. Decisions are made with clarity, not guesswork. Your accounts already have the information you need. The key is in how you read them. If you start using your accounts as a tool for insight instead of just for compliance, you will see your business much more clearly. That is exactly how a financial adviser would want you to read them. If you would like help understanding what your accounts really mean for your business, please book a call. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Understanding Your Company Account s 1. How can I understand my company accounts if I’m not financially trained? You don’t need to be an accountant to understand your accounts - you just need the key concepts explained in plain English. Focus on big-picture items like profit, cash flow, and trends year over year. A good adviser will help you translate the numbers into real-life decisions. 2. What’s the difference between profit and cash? Profit is what’s left when income exceeds expenses on paper. Cash is the actual money in your bank. Because of things like unpaid invoices and upfront costs, your profit can look healthy even if your bank balance doesn’t. That’s why advisers track both closely. 3. Why should I read the balance sheet? Isn’t the profit and loss report enough? The profit and loss (P&L) tells you what happened over time, but the balance sheet shows your financial position at a point in time. It tells you what you own, what you owe, and how much you’ve retained. Skipping it means missing vital context. 4. How often should I review my accounts? Ideally, review your accounts at least quarterly - not just at year-end. Regular check-ins help you spot patterns early, avoid surprises, and make better decisions about hiring, investment, or paying yourself. 5. What do financial advisers look for in business accounts? Advisers look beyond the numbers. They assess whether your profits are sustainable, if cash flow is healthy, how director rewards are structured, and whether your business is moving in the right direction over time.
By Chris Barnard January 21, 2026
Few things frustrate British business owners more than business rates. If you ask someone running a shop, café, studio, or office, what they think about business rates, you’ll get the same answer. And it isn’t one we can publish! Almost all owners see business rates as outdated, unfair, and out of touch with how businesses work today. It raises an awkward question. In a country supposedly trying to encourage entrepreneurship, regeneration and innovation, why are we still relying on a tax that seems to actively discourage all three? A tax stuck in the past Business rates have existed in some form for centuries. They started as property taxes in 17th-century England, when most wealth was in land and buildings. Back then, it made sense: if you had valuable property, you were seen as successful and able to help fund local services. Value is now created through digital services, intellectual property, brands and platforms, and not just physical premises. Yet business rates still operate on the same basic principle. Where you are matters more than how you’re actually performing. There have been some attempts at reform but there has been no interest in conceding that the tax is no longer fit for purpose. Rateable values are still based on estimated rents. Revaluations do not happen often, and reliefs are added on top instead of being part of the system. In short, business rates have been adjusted, not redesigned. How much are UK businesses really paying? Many people are surprised by how much businesses pay in rates, especially compared to other business taxes. UK businesses pay more than £25 billion in business rates each year. This is one of the biggest business taxes, second only to employer National Insurance contributions. According to the Office for Budget Responsibility , business rates consistently raise more revenue than corporation tax from SMEs. The way business rates are calculated in England also stands out. For 2024 to 2025, the standard multiplier is just over 51p per pound, so businesses pay about 51p each year for every £1 of rateable value. This is especially controversial because businesses must pay rates even if they are not making a profit. A company can be losing money and still have a large rates bill. In contrast, corporation tax only applies to profits. The British Retail Consortium often points out that business rates hit physical retailers the hardest. Retailers make up about 5 per cent of the UK economy but pay over 20 per cent of all business rates. For many high street businesses, rates are their biggest fixed cost after wages and often cost more than rent. The physical presence penalty Business rates mainly penalise businesses for being visible and having a physical presence. The more established you are in your community, the more you usually pay. Top high street spots, warehouses near transport links, and city-centre offices all have higher rateable values. At the same time, digital businesses can earn a lot in the UK while working from cheaper locations or even abroad. There are some digital services taxes now, but they bring in much less than business rates and only affect a small number of companies. This means the system encourages businesses to keep their physical presence small and discourages investment in high streets, town centres and community spaces. It’s no wonder that our high streets have become like ghost towns. What do other countries do differently? The UK depends more on property-based business taxes than most other countries. In Germany, local authorities levy a trade tax based largely on profits , not property values. France has made big changes to its business taxes by reducing those based on property and focusing more on economic activity and value creation. Many countries check property values more often that the UK, which helps avoid sudden jumps in costs, and they limit yearly increases more strictly. The priority elsewhere is to focus more on what businesses earn, not just where they are. Is reform even possible? Business rates give local authorities a steady and reliable source of income, which makes them hesitant to change the system. However, just because the system is stable does not mean it is fair for those who pay. The current setup puts too much pressure on some sectors that are already struggling, while letting others grow quickly with lower costs. The main obstacle to reform is political. Any real change would shift who pays more or less tax. Some businesses would pay more, others less. It means big decisions which most politicians shy away from. Ignoring this issue has real effects, which we can see on our high streets. Time for a grown-up debate Business rates no longer match how business works in the UK. They discourage investment in physical locations, make competition unfair, and put too much pressure on traditional businesses. Whether the solution is a tax based on turnover or a mix of models, keeping things as they are is getting harder to justify. This is not a question of lowering taxes. The challenge is to find a system that fits a modern economy. Don’t pay too much Business rates might feel immovable, but there are reliefs, exemptions and reductions available. Many businesses either miss them entirely or do not realise they qualify. Small Business Rate Relief, retail and hospitality relief, transitional relief and discretionary local authority support can all make a real difference if they are properly understood and applied. The problem is that the system is complex, inconsistent and rarely explained in plain English. We can look at how much you are paying in business rates and ensure that you are not missing out on possible reductions.
How the Autumn 2025 Budget affects small businesses - and what you should do next
By Chris Barnard December 1, 2025
The Budget has once again reminded small business owners that resilience is part of the job description.
UK Company Law update: What the new ID-verification rules mean for your business
By Chris Barnard November 12, 2025
From 18 November 2025, Companies House will require identity verification for UK company directors and PSCs. Find out what your business must do now to stay compliant.
What to expect in the UK Autumn Budget (26th November 2025) - and what your business should do now
By Chris Barnard November 12, 2025
What to expect in the UK Autumn Budget (26th November 2025) - and what your business should do now
Understanding DeFi: How decentralised finance lending and staking affect your crypto taxes
By Chris Barnard October 24, 2025
Understand how DeFi lending and staking are taxed in the UK. Learn about beneficial ownership, income vs capital gains, and HMRC guidance
Crypto red flags - 6 common mistakes HMRC is watching out for
By Chris Barnard October 2, 2025
Avoid HMRC penalties for crypto tax mistakes. From record keeping to staking rewards, here’s how to stay compliant and protect your business.
By Chris Barnard July 29, 2025
How to Account for Cryptocurrency in Your UK Business